[58] The U.S. said these individuals helped obstruct the delivery of humanitarian aid to Venezuela on the Colombian and Brazilian borders. The new definition includes the state and Government of Venezuela, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including the Central Bank, PDVSA, and any person who has acted for or purported to act on behalf of, any of the foregoing, including as a member of the Maduro regime. Moreover, the ministry has opened an investigation relating to money laundering after detecting "irregularities for more than 150 million dollars. [143], On 17 September 2019, the United States Department of Treasury expanded further sanctions on 16 entities (from Colombia, Italy and Panama) and 3 individuals, accusing them of helping the Venezuelan government to "corruptly profit from imports of food aid and distribution in Venezuela". [64][65] An unnamed U.S. senior official told Bloomberg that these companies and vessels account for as much as half of the 50,000 barrels daily of oil that "Venezuela sends to Cuba in exchange for the social, intelligence and strategic support Havana provides Maduro". "[19], United States National Security Advisor John R. Bolton outlined the policies of the administration of United States President Donald Trump towards Venezuela in a November 2018 speech, describing Venezuela as part of a troika of tyranny, along with Cuba and Nicaragua. 1701 et seq.) To me the empire looks crazy, desperate. [10], The Organization of American States (OAS) commissioner for Venezuelan migrants and refugees, David Smolansky in Public Radio International said that US sanctions "target President Nicols Maduro and his circle of elite government officials in an attempt to control their access to financial assistance from US citizens and companies". "[184][185], Some ships' captains and owners sympathetic to Venezuela are "going dark", turning off their transponders locations, to avoid the U.S. sanctions and deliver oil to Russia, China, and India. A report published by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stated that although the "pervasive and devastating economic and social crisis began before the imposition of the first economic sanctions", the new sanctions could worsen the situation. and the Kingpin Act. ( 2017-2021). Mulberry was used to facilitate payments made as a part of Saabs CLAP corruption network for the sale of gold in Turkey. [217] Before her visit, 66 Venezuelan NGOs (including PROVEA) asked Douhan in an open letter to consider the harmful impact of sanctions in the context of years of repression, corruption and economic mismanagement that predate the sanctions, and requested she meet independent press and civil society researchers. Executive Order 13692declares a national emergency with respect to the situation in Venezuela. [2], The sanctions included freezing of individuals' accounts and assets, prohibiting of transactions with sanctioned parties, seizing of assets, arms embargoes and travel bans. The US government has imposed financial sanctions on Venezuela's president, Nicols Maduro, after the election of a new legislative body to redraft . In 2008, Executive Order 13224 (EO 13224) aimed to reduce terrorist funding in Venezuela via sanctions, and the United States Department of the Treasury has used the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (Kingpin Act) to sanction at least 22 Venezuelans, including several current and former government officials. Owned and controlled by Emmanuel Enrique Rubio Gonzalez. The U.S. Treasury Department accused the Moscow-based bank of being an economic lifeline for the "illegitimate Maduro regime. [120], On 1 November 2018 Trump signed an executive order to "ban U.S. persons from dealing with entities and individuals involved with 'corrupt or deceptive' gold sales from Venezuela". While the U.S. government has placed sanctions on people and organizations, the sanctions need not be permanent for those who want to contribute to Venezuelas democratic future, explained the State Departments Elliott Abrams in 2020. [113] Reuters said, "The Caribbean region has long relied on oil and gas from Venezuela, which offered cheap financing through a program called Petrocaribe, though shipments have declined in recent years because of production problems at Venezuelas state-owned oil company PDVSA. [149], In addition to the 40 individuals sanctioned under the Special Economic Measures Act in September, on 23 November 2017, Canada added sanctions under the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act. [113] The director of the Latin America and Caribbean Energy Program at the University of Texas at Austin, Jorge Pin, said the supply cuts to these Caribbean countries were not due to the sanctions, but the mismanagement of PDVSA. [11] Carvajal was arrested in Spain on 12 April 2019 based on arrest warrant from the United States for the 2011 charges; the U.S. asked Spain to extradite Carvajal. ", "Maduro anuncia que este jueves 18 comienza la vacunacin", "La rapporteuse de l'ONU juge " dvastateurs " les effets des sanctions sur le Venezuela", "Relatora de la ONU pide levantar sancionas contra Venezuela. ", Floating Storage Tanker, IMO 9151838, PB Tankers, Chemical/Oil Tanker, IMO 9506693, PB Tankers, Chemical/Oil Tanker, IMO 9379337, PB Tankers, Chemical/Oil Tanker, IMO 9379325, PB Tankers, Chemical/Oil Tanker, IMO 9388209, PB Tankers, Crude Oil Tanker, IMO 9289166, Jennifer Navigation, Crude Oil Tanker, IMO 9221891, Lima Shipping, Chemical/Oil Tanker, IMO 9510462, PB Tankers, Oil Products Tanker, IMO 9216547, Large Range. [citation needed], Trump issued EO 13850 on 1 November 2018 to block the assets of anyone involved in corruption in the gold sector, or "any other sector of the economy as determined in the future by the Secretary of the Treasury". [164], Voice of America reported in April 2019 tension between the US and the EU over increasing sanctions; EU nations are reluctant to apply sanctions to a nation, despite evidence that Russia's aid is propping up Maduro, but are still considering tougher sanctions on individuals in his government. They stated that "the bulk of the deterioration in living standards occurred long before the sanctions were enacted in 2017. [208], In April 2019, Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health jointly published a report entitled "Venezuela's humanitarian emergency: Large-scale UN response needed to address health and food crises". [8] The same month, Venezuela paid Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' debt with Petrocaribe, estimated to have been around $189 million dollars. [147] The Canadian government holds that Maduro played a "key role in the political and economic crisis", and its sanctions targeted "members of his cabinet and officials from Venezuela's military, Supreme Court and National Electoral Council". ( Ariana Cubillos/AP Images) Since 2017, the U.S. has sanctioned people, businesses, and oil entities associated with the former Maduro regime, both inside and outside of Venezuela. [23] Because such processes to remove Maduro were unsuccessful, President Trump began to consider military options, including a naval blockade against Venezuela. Treasury officials said they sought to seize the proceeds that were being funneled into the accounts of corrupt Venezuelan officials and hold them for a possible future government in Venezuela. . [96] Following the decision, National Security Advisor John R. Bolton said that his government was ready to impose sanctions on any international company doing business with Nicols Maduro, an act that could ensnare its dealings with its allies such as Russia, China and Turkey as well as Western companies. [30] The U.S. assets of the eight individuals were frozen, and U.S. persons prohibited from doing business with them. Additionally, US citizens and companies are prohibited from flying on Conviasa's domestic and international flights. Douhan also asked the US, UK and Portugal to release an estimated $6 billion in frozen Venezuelan foreign assets. In practice, this makes it extremely unlikely that Conviasa will be able to source replacement parts for its fleet of airworthy and grounded Boeing B737 aircraft. An official website of the United States Government, Guidance Related to the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance and Support to the Venezuelan People, Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology, Office of the U.S. [1] The sanctioned businesses have members of the Malpica-Flores family on their boards of directors. [67][68] Directors Simon Alejandro Zerpa Delgado and William Antonio Contreras were already sanctioned. In April 2022, Venezuela sent a shipment of 200,000 fuel oil barrels and 190,000 diesel barrels to Cuba, for the Matanzas storage terminal. [89], On 7 February 2020, OFAC added state airline Conviasa and its fleet of 40 aircraft (including presidential aircraft) to the Specially Designated Nationals ("SDN") list. "[68][non-primary source needed] The new sanctions closed some loopholes that allowed for continued financing of the government. "[36], The U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned eight officials associated with the 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC) in August,[37] for participating in "anti-democratic actions pursuant to Executive Order 13692" by facilitating the "illegitimate Constituent Assembly to further entrench [Maduro's] dictatorship". [97] According to the U.S. State Department, this "closes another avenue for corruption by denying the Venezuelan regime the ability to earn money by selling off public assets at 'fire sale' prices at the expense of the Venezuelan people". This prevented the government from restructuring its foreign debt, because any debt restructuring requires the issuance of new bonds in exchange for the existing debt. [169], Colombia has not directly sanctioned Venezuelans, rather has banned figures close to Maduro from entering the country. Maduro and his enablers have distorted the original purpose of the bank, which was founded to help the economic and social well-being of the Venezuelan people, as part of a desperate attempt to hold onto power. Executive Order 13808, among other things, prohibits transactions by a United States person or within the United States related to: certain new debt of Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA); certain new debt or new equity of the Government of Venezuela; existing bonds issued by the Government of Venezuela prior to August 25, 2017; and dividend payments or other distributions of profits to the Government of Venezuela from any entity owned or controlled by the Government of Venezuela. As of January 28, Treasury has designated PDVSA for operating within this sector. Partial list only; the full list has not been disclosed. Regime insiders have transformed BANDES and its subsidiaries into vehicles to move funds abroad in an attempt to prop up Maduro. The report concluded that economic sanctions "have cost Venezuelas government as much as $31 billion since 2017"[213][214], In late 2020, Transparencia Venezuela published a report analyzing the impact of international sanctions on Venezuela, describing the economic and political context before their application, the reasons provided and offering different interpretations of their political, social and economic effects, and thus the Venezuelan life quality as well. The Central Bank was able to obtain loans without seeking approval from the National Assembly. "[3], In August 2017, Trump imposed economic sanctions that moderately affected Venezuela's petroleum industry, according to the New York Times, by prohibiting the trading of Venezuelan bonds in U.S. markets. Consorcio Venezolano de Industrias Aeronuticas y Servicios Areos, S.A. Banco Bicentenario del Pueblo, de la Clase Obrera, Mujer y Comunias, Banco Universal C.A. ", "This company received money from food companies in Venezuela that were receiving food imports and paying money to food providers in Mexico as a means to facilitate the CLAP corruption scheme. while the own once-formidable refining industry of Venezuela cannot produce gasoline and country is facing a chronic shortage of gasoline. The UN rights chief condemned the measures as "extremely broad" that are capable of exacerbating the suffering of the Venezuelan people. [26] Among those sanctioned were Antonio Benavides Torres, commander in the Venezuelan armed forces and former leader of the Venezuelan National Guard, and SEBIN directors Manuel Bernal Martnez and Gustavo Gonzlez Lpez. [124], On 19 March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order that prohibits people in the U.S. from making any type of transaction with digital currency emitted by or in the name of the government of Venezuela as of 9 January 2018. "[68][non-primary source needed] Maduro responded in a television broadcast, saying: "Let me tell you, imperialist Mr. John Boltonadvisor to Donald Trumpthat your sanctions give us more strength. However, on 28 October Adobe announced that it would continue providing cloud services. [134], On 25 July 2019, the United States Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on 10 people and 13 companies (from Colombia, Hong Kong (China), Mexico, Panama, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and the U.S.) in a Venezuelan food subsidy called "CLAP", which includes stepsons of President Nicolas Maduro and a Colombian businessman Alex Saab. [147] Canadians were banned from transactions with the 40individuals, whose Canadian assets were frozen. The Department of the Treasurys Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) simultaneously issued frequently asked questions (#559-563) clarifying that compliance obligations are the same, regardless of whether a transaction is denominated in digital currency or a traditional fiat currency. implement relevant provisions of the Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014 signed into law on December 18, 2014, and also provide sanctions authority that goes beyond the requirements of the legislation. [93][94], Into 2020, President Donald Trump expressed that he believed that the removal of Maduro from office was occurring too slowly and that incremental processes such as sanctions did not provide results. She also cited the PDVAL affair as an example of food shortages before sanctions, when tons of food supplies were imported and later decomposed in 2010. [194], In January 2019, David Smolansky, Organization of American States Commissioner for Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees, told Public Radio International that the sanctions prior to 2019 targeted Maduro and Chavismo "elites" while having little impact on average Venezuelans. what would have happened without the sanctions), and shows that the report minimizes the responsibility of Maduro's government in the deaths). [160], The European Union sanctioned seven Venezuela officials on 18 January 2018, singling them out as being responsible for deteriorating democracy in the country: Diosdado Cabello, Nstor Reverol (Interior Minister), Gustavo Gonzlez Lpez (Head of Intelligence), Antonio Benavides Torres (National Guard Commander), Tibisay Lucena (Head of Electoral Council), Maikel Moreno (Supreme Court President), and Tarek William Saab (Attorney General). "[130] Treasury Secretary Mnuchin said, "The willingness of Maduro's inner-circle to exploit Venezuelas institutions knows no bounds. [28][29], The U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Maikel Moreno and seven members of the Venezuelan Supreme Justice Tribunal (TSJ) in May for usurping the functions of the Venezuelan National Assembly and permitting Maduro to govern by decree. [170][171] Based on the list, the head of a company commissioned by the Maduro administration, Monmeros Colombovenezolanos, was not allowed to enter Colombia, nor was Omar Enrique[es], a Venezuelan singer seeking entry for a performance. [162] Cabello, known as number two in Chavismo, had not been sanctioned by the U.S. when the European Union sancioned him. RIM Group Properties of New York II Corp. Dassault Mystere Falcon 50EX private aircraft, beneficially owned by Gustavo Perdomo, Agencia Vehiculos Especiales Rurales y Urbanos, C.A. [156], Foreign Minister Freeland stated, "The Maduro dictatorship must be held accountable for this crisis and depriving Venezuelans of their most basic rights and needs. [115][116], Several leaders of Caribbean countries supporting Maduro criticized the US sanctions, saying their support for Maduro was based on principles, not oil, and that sanctions were affecting their countries' supply, debt payments, and the region's stability. The most recent announcement came September 27, when the EU imposed sanctions on members of the military and security forces . HH. [187], Minister of Industries and National Production Tareck El Aissami announced in October 2018 in response to US sanctions that all foreign exchange government auctions will no longer be quoted in US dollars and would use euros, Chinese yuan and other hard currencies instead. [155] The government statement said those sanctioned are "high ranking officials of the Maduro regime, regional governors and/or directly implicated in activities undermining democratic institutions", and that:[156], These measures are being taken in response to the Maduro regimes anti-democratic actions, particularly relating to the repression and persecution of the members of the interim government, censorship, and excessive use of force against civil society, undermining the independence of the judiciary and other democratic institutions.
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